Linguistic terminology terms | LETTER - S
What is salient information? |
Definition | |
Salient information is given information that the speaker assumes to be in the addressee 's consciousness at the time of the speaker’s utterance . |
Generic | |
Salient information is a kind of | |
Source | |
Prince 1981 228 |
What is a same subject marker? |
Definition | |
A same subject marker is a distinction in the verb morphology of a clause that indicates that the subject is identical to the subject of another clause, such as one of the following: |
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Generic | |
A same subject marker is a kind of | |
Sources | |
Thompson and Longacre 1985 187, 201 |
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Longacre 1985 254 |
What is a scalar implicature? |
Definition | |
A scalar implicature is a quantity implicature based on the use of an informationally weak term in an implicational scale . |
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The use implicates that all similar utterances using an informationally stronger term are not true because, according to the conversational maxim of quantity , a speaker would ordinarily be required to make a stronger, more informative utterance if a true one were available. |
Example (English) | |
Generic | |
A scalar implicature is a kind of | |
Sources | |
Levinson 1983 133–134 |
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Gazdar 1979 56–59 |
What is a scalar property lexical relation? |
Introduction | |
Understanding the scalar property lexical relation is important in using words which refer to such things as |
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Definition | |
A scalar property lexical relation is an association between sets of lexical units which refers to the relative values for a property of an object or event as determined against a qualitative standard. |
Examples (English) | |
Underlying structure | ||
A scalar property set has the structure of a scale. |
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Frames | |
Here are some frames for testing and eliciting a scalar property lexical relation: |
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What is a scale schema? |
Definition | |
A scale schema is an image schema that |
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Examples | |
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Generic | |
A scale schema is a kind of | |
Source | |
Johnson 1987 122–124 |
What is a second part? |
Definition | |
A second part is the second utterance in an adjacency pair . |
Kinds | |
Source | |
Levinson 1983 303–304 |
What is second person deixis? |
Definition | |
Second person deixis is deictic reference to a person or persons identified as addressee . |
Examples (English) | |
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Generic | |
Second person deixis is a kind of | |
Sources | |
Crystal 1980 263 |
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Mish 1991 1060 |
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Fleming 1988 322 |
What is a secondary articulation? |
Definition | |
A secondary articulation is an additional articulation process that affects vowel or consonant production. |
What is a secondary sense? |
Definition | |
A secondary sense is a meaning that is more abstract than a primary sense of a lexeme but still shares some of its semantic components . |
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Because it has a different range of reference, its usage contexts and collocates are different from those of a primary sense. |
Example: English | |
The word jungle has a primary sense meaning 'land covered with dense growth of trees, tall vegetation, vines, typically in tropical regions, and inhabited by predatory animals.' This is what most people think of when the word jungle is used in isolation. |
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However, jungle can also refer to any place with a dense, tangled growth of trees and vegetation, as illustrated in the sentence, 'I need to take care of the jungle in my backyard.' This meaning is a secondary sense of jungle. It shares the semantic components 'plant life' and 'density' with the primary sense of jungle. It does not share the components 'tropical' and 'predatory animals.' |
What is a segment? |
Definition | |
A segment is any discrete unit or phone , produced by the vocal apparatus, or a representation of such a unit. |
What is self-initiated repair? |
Definition | |
Self-initiated repair is a repair that the speaker of the utterance that needs repair makes without a prompting from another participant. |
Example (English) | |
Generic | |
A self-initiated repair is a kind of | |
Source | |
Levinson 1983 340–341 |
What is self-repair? |
Definition | |
Self-repair is a repair that is performed by the speaker of the utterance that needs repair. |
Examples (English) | |
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Kinds | |
Here are some kinds of self-repair: | |
Generic | |
A self-repair is a kind of | |
Source | |
Levinson 1983 340–341 |
What is a semantic component? |
Definition | |
A semantic component is a potentially contrastive part of the meaning of a lexical unit . |
Example | |
The focal semantic component of execute is “put to death”. |
Kinds | |||||||||||||
Here is a table that describes some kinds of semantic components: |
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What is a semantic role? |
Definition | ||
A semantic role is the underlying relationship that a participant has with the main verb in a clause . |
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Discussion | ||||
Semantic role is the actual role a participant plays in some real or imagined situation, apart from the linguistic encoding of those situations. |
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See also | |
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What is semantics? |
Definition | |
Here are two senses for semantics: |
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Sources | |
Crystal 1985 274 |
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Leech 1983 5–6 |
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Lyons 1981 136, 163–164 |
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Levinson 1983 5–34 |
What is a sense? |
Definition | ||||
In LinguaLinks, the word "sense" is used in two ways: |
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What is a sense group? |
Definition | |
A sense group is a collection of senses organized according |
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What is a sense type? |
Definition | |
A sense type is a classification of a sense on the basis of its conceptual extendedness . In other words, it is a classification of the primary sense of a lexeme and the degree to which another sense is different from the primary sense. |
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Sense types provided in the lexical database are as follows: |
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What is a sensory evidential? |
Definition | |
A sensory evidential is an evidential signaling that the speaker’s evidence for the truth of his or her statement is derived from the speaker’s own sensory experience. |
Kinds | |
Here are some kinds of sensory evidentials: | |
Generic | |
A sensory evidential is a kind of | |
Source | |
Palmer 1986 74–75 |
What is a sentence? |
Definition | |
A sentence is a grammatical unit that is composed of one or more clauses . |
Discussion | ||
The meaning of the term sentence may be expanded to include elliptical material and nonproductive items. |
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Example (English) | |
Kinds | |
Here are some kinds of sentences: | |
Generic | |
A sentence is a kind of | |
Sources | |
Crystal 1980 319–320 |
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Pike and Pike 1982 456–457 |
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Mish 1991 1072 |
What is a sentence adverb? |
Definition | |
A sentence adverb is an adverb that modifies a whole sentence . |
Example (English) | |
Generic | |
A sentence adverb is a kind of | |
Source | |
What is a sentence elicitation frame? |
Definition | |
A sentence elicitation frame is a syntactic construction that has a blank left in it for eliciting or testing words. |
Examples | |
Here are examples of different kinds of sentence elicitation frames: |
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What is sentential complementation? |
Definition | |
Sentential complementation is a kind of sentence in which one of the arguments of a verb is a clause. That clausal argument is called a complement clause . |
What is a separable affix? |
Definition | |
A separable affix is an affix that can be detached from its stem and located elsewhere in a construction . |
Example (German) | |
Generic | |
A separable affix is a kind of | |
Source | |
What is a sequence? |
Definition | |
A sequence is a unit of conversation that consists of two or more adjacent and functionally related turns . |
Kinds | |
Here are some kinds of sequences: | |
Sources | |
McLaughlin 1984 169 |
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What is a sequential relation? |
Definition | |
A sequential relation is a temporal relation in which the event or state of a latter-expressed proposition is communicated to have occurred after the event or state of a prior-expressed proposition. |
Examples (English) | ||
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Generic | |
A sequential relation is a kind of | |
Sources | |
Halliday and Hasan 1976 261–262 |
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Longacre 1983 98–99 |
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Longacre 1985 244 |
What is a serial verb construction? |
Definition | |
A serial verb construction is a string of verbs or verb phrases within a single clause that |
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Example (Twi) | ||
Kofi de pono no baae
Kofi take_PAST pono the come_PAST
‘Kofi brought the table.’
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Generic | |
A serial verb construction is a kind of | |
Sources | |
Noonan 1985 55, 76–77 |
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Sebba 1987 1-2, 86–87 |
What is setting information? |
Definition | |
Setting information is a kind of nonevent in discourse that provides locative, temporal and circumstantial information about a sequence of events. |
Examples | |
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Sources | |
What is silence? |
Definition | |
Silence is the absence of speech. |
Discussion | |
Silence is assigned different significance by conversation analysts depending on such factors as the following: |
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Kinds | |
Here are some kinds of silence: | |
Source | |
Levinson 1983 298–299 |
What is a similar pair? |
Definition | |
A similar pair is two words in which |
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Example (Kaiwa, Brazil) | |
The phonetically similar segments being contrasted are [p] and [b]. |
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See also | |
What is a similarity relation? |
Definition | |
A similarity relation is an interpropositional relation indicating that the events or states expressed in the propositions have a likeness of function or import. |
Examples (English) | |
Here are some examples of items that indicate similarity relations: |
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Generic | |
A similarity relation is a kind of | |
Source | |
What is a simile? |
Definition | |
A simile is a comparison between two things. |
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It is signaled overtly; in English, a simile is expressed by the words like or as. |
Example (English) | |
Generic | |
A simile is a kind of | |
Sources | |
Corbett 1971 479 |
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Mish 1991 1098 |
What is a simple sentence? |
Definition | |
A simple sentence is a sentence containing one main clause and no subordinate clauses . |
Generic | |
A simple sentence is a kind of | |
Sources | |
Crystal 1985 280 |
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Mish 1991 1099 |
What is a simulfix? |
Definition | |
A simulfix is a change or replacement of vowels or consonants (usually vowels) which changes the meaning of a word. |
Examples (English) | |
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Generic | |
What is a simultaneous relation? |
Definition | |
A simultaneous relation is a temporal relation in which the events or states of proposition(s) are communicated as occurring at the same time. |
Examples (English) | ||
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Generic | |
A simultaneous relation is a kind of | |
Sources | |
Fleming 1988 182 |
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Longacre 1983 95–96 |
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Longacre 1985 243 |
What is a sincerity condition? |
Definition | |
A sincerity condition is the psychological state of the speaker concerning the propositional content of an illocutionary act . |
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The sincere or insincere expression of this state necessarily accompanies all illocutionary acts, except for an act having a declarative illocutionary point , so that an act having |
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Source | |
What is singular number? |
Definition | |
Singular number is number that refers to one member of a designated class. |
Examples (English) | |
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Generic | |
Singular number is a kind of | |
Sources | |
Crystal 1980 245 |
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What is a singulative? |
Definition | |
A singulative is a grammatical form, adjunct, or variant of a word that expresses the individuation of a single referent from a group or mass. |
Example (English) | |
Sources | |
What is a situational elicitation frame? |
Definition | |
A situational elicitation frame is a hypothetical situation that is constructed to help you constrain and control what you elicit. |
Examples | |
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What is a situationally evoked entity? |
Definition | |
A situationally evoked entity is a referent that is given information because of the prominence of the referent in the extralinguistic context. |
Example (English) | |
The door is previously unmentioned, but it is given information because there is only one door and its existence is known. |
Generic | |
A situationally evoked entity is a kind of | |
Source | |
Prince 1981 233, 236 |
What is social deixis? |
Definition | |
Social deixis is reference to the social characteristics of, or distinctions between, the participants or referents in a speech event. |
Example | |
Kinds | |
Here are some kinds of social deixis: | |
Generic | |
Social deixis is a kind of | |
Sources | |
Levinson 1983 63, 93 |
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What is solidarity? |
Definition | |
Solidarity is a scale of perceived like-mindedness or similarity of behavioral disposition between a speaker and addressee deriving from their similar |
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In some languages, solidarity affects the choice of expressions of social deixis . |
Example | |
Kinds | |
Here are some kinds of solidarity: | |
Source | |
What is a solutionhood relation? |
Definition | |
A solutionhood relation is an interpropositional relation in which a proposition(s) is presented as an answer or remedy for a problem, such as one of the following, communicated in another proposition(s): |
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Generic | |
A solutionhood relation is a kind of | |
Sources | |
Mann and Thompson 1987b 49–52 |
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What is the sonority scale? |
Definition | ||
The sonority scale is a list of phonetic segments showing the relative resonance of phonetic segments in relation to other segments. |
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Discussion | |
Sonority is the resonance of a sound in relation to other sounds. A sonority scale shows the sonority of a sound in relation to other sounds. |
Diagram | |
Here is a diagram that shows the relative sonority of different phones : |
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Source | |
What is source as a participant role? |
Definition | |
Source is the participant role of the referent from whom a message ultimately comes, especially in the case in which the referent is distinct from the speaker . |
Example (English) | |
Generic | |
Source is a kind of | |
Sources | |
Levinson 1983 68–69, 72–73 |
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Longacre 1983 161 |
What is source as a semantic role? |
Definition | |
Source is the semantic role of the following referents: |
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Examples (English) | ||||
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Generic | |
Source is a kind of | |
Source | |
Longacre 1983 161–163 |
What is a source domain? |
Definition | |
A source domain is a concept that is metaphorically used to provide the means of understanding another concept. |
Examples (English) | |
Kind | |
Here is a kind of source domain: | |
Source | |
Lakoff, G. 1987 276–277, 288 |
What is a speaker? |
Definition | |
A speaker is the utterer of a message. |
Discussion | |
A speaker is typically the deictic center of his or her own deictic references. These are grammaticalized in first person morphemes. |
Generic | |
A speaker is a kind of | |
Sources | |
What is a specialized figurative text? |
Definition | |
A specialized figurative text is a text belonging to one of several creative genres that makes extensive use of stylized, poetic, and figurative language. |
Kinds | |
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What is a specification relation? |
Definition | |
A specification relation is an elaboration relation in which a proposition provides more information about another proposition by restating it more narrowly. |
Example (English) | ||
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Kind | |
Here is a kind of specification relation: | |
Generic | |
A specification relation is a kind of | |
Sources | |
Dijk 1981 269–270, 278–279 |
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Longacre 1983 120 |
What is specificity? |
Definition | |
Specificity is a kind of definiteness, expressed by the interpretation of or grammatical marking on a noun or noun phrase , indicating that the speaker presumably knows the identity of the referent(s) . |
Examples (English) | ||
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Generic | |
A specific is a kind of | |
Sources | |
Hawkins, J. 1978 203–204 |
What is speculative mood? |
Definition | |
Speculative mood is an epistemic mood that signals that the speaker judges from certain facts that the proposition expressed by his or her utterance is possibly true. |
Example (English) | |
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Generic | |
Speculative mood is a kind of | |
Source | |
Palmer 1986 59–60 |
What is a speech act? |
Definition | |
A speech act is an act that a speaker performs when making an utterance , including the following: |
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Kinds | |
Here are some kinds of speech acts: | |
Generic | |
A speech act is a kind of | |
Sources | |
Searle 1969 22–25 |
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Crystal 1985 285 |
What is a standard implicature? |
Definition | |
A standard implicature is a conversational implicature based on an addressee 's assumption that the speaker is being cooperative by directly observing the conversational maxims . |
Example (English) | |
In the following exchange, A assumes that B is being cooperative, truthful, adequately informative, relevant, and clear. Thus, A can infer that B thinks A can get fuel at the garage: |
Generic | |
A standard implicature is a kind of | |
Source | |
Levinson 1983 104 |
What is the state of the glottis? |
Definition | |
The state of the glottis is the amount of |
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What is a statement? |
Definition | |
Here are two senses for statement: |
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Kind | |
Here is a kind of statement: | |
Generic | |
A statement is a kind of | |
Sources | |
Crystal 1985 286 |
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What is a stative verb? |
Definition | |
A stative verb is a verb that expresses a state of affairs or being rather than action. |
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Stative verbs differ from verbs of action not just in meaning but in formal structure and usage. |
Discussion | |
Some verbs have both senses that express |
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Examples (English) | |
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Sources | |
Crystal 1991 326 |
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What is status? |
Definition | |
Status is a scale of social standing that is often realized in differing socially deictic linguistic forms. |
Examples (French, German) | |
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Kinds | |
Here are some kinds of status: | |
Source | |
Lyons 1977b 576–577 |
What is a stem? |
Definition | |
A stem is the root or roots of a word, together with any derivational affixes , to which inflectional affixes are added. |
Discussion | |
A stem consists minimally of a root , but may be analyzable into a root plus derivational morphemes . A stem may require an inflectional operation (often involving a prefix or suffix) in order to ground it into discourse and make it a fully understandable word. If a stem does not occur by itself in a meaningful way in a language, it is referred to as a bound morpheme . |
Examples (English) | |
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Generic | |
A stem is a kind of | |
Sources | |
Crystal 1985 287 |
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Mish 1991 1154 |
What is stem modification? |
Definition | |
Stem modification is a morphological process whereby an affix occurs simultaneously with a root or stem . |
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The kind of affix involved in this process is called a simulfix . |
Example (English) | |
The tense/aspect morpheme in the English verb paradigm of 'to sing' occurs simultaneously with the verb stem: |
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What is still tense? |
Definition | |
Still tense is an absolute tense carrying the presupposition that an event or state held before the moment of utterance . |
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In positive declarative clauses , still tense asserts that the event or state holds at the moment of utterance. |
Example (Luganda) | |
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Generic | |
Still tense is a kind of | |
Source | |
Comrie 1985b 53–55 |
What is a stop? |
Definition | |
A stop is a sound produced with a complete closure of the vocal tract. |
Examples | |
p, b, k, t, j |
What is strength of illocutionary point? |
Definition | |
Strength of illocutionary point is the strength of assertion of, commitment to bring about, direction to another to bring about, or expression of a psychological state toward the propositional content of an illocutionary act . |
Discussion | |
Searle and Vanderveken 1985 , to whom are due the terms degree of strength of illocutionary point and degree of strength of sincerity conditions , allow that there is generally a correlation between the two terms. However, they cite requesting and ordering as illocutionary acts that show a distinction between the two strengths. Ordering, in their analysis, has a greater degree of strength of illocutionary point than requesting, due at least in part to the institutional authority of the orderer. But they hold that ordering does not necessarily express a commitment to a stronger accompanying psychological state of desire; that is, requesting and ordering need not have a different degree of strength of the sincerity conditions, despite their different degree of strength of illocutionary point. Thus, they distinguish the two terms. |
Examples | |
The second act in each pair has a greater degree of strength of illocutionary point than the first: |
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Source | |
Searle and Vanderveken 1985 19–20, 41–43 |
What is strength of sincerity conditions? |
Definition | |
Strength of sincerity conditions is the strength of the psychological state that the speaker commits to in employing a particular illocutionary force . |
Discussion | |
Searle and Vanderveken 1985 , to whom are due the terms degree of strength of illocutionary point and degree of strength of sincerity conditions, allow that there is generally a correlation between the two. However, they cite requesting and ordering as illocutionary acts that show a distinction between the two strengths. Ordering, in their analysis, has a greater degree of strength of illocutionary point than requesting, due at least in part to the institutional authority of the orderer. But they add that ordering does not necessarily express a commitment to a stronger accompanying psychological state of desire; that is, requesting and ordering need not have a different degree of strength of sincerity conditions, despite their different degree of strength of illocutionary point. Thus, they distinguish the two terms. |
Examples | |
The second act in each pair has a greater degree of strength of sincerity conditions than the first: |
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Source | |
Searle and Vanderveken 1985 19–20, 41–43 |
What is stress? |
Definition | |
Stress is an increase in the activity of the vocal apparatus of a speaker. |
What is a strong epistemic qualification? |
Definition | |
A strong epistemic qualification is an epistemic qualification that signals the highest degree of certainty. |
Examples (English) | |
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Generic | |
A strong epistemic qualification is a kind of | |
Source | |
Caton 1981 87 |
What is a structural metaphor? |
Definition | |
A structural metaphor is a conventional metaphor in which one concept is understood and expressed in terms of another structured, sharply defined concept. |
Examples (English) | ||
Here are some examples of the argument-as-war structural metaphor: |
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Generic | |
A structural metaphor is a kind of | |
Source | |
Lakoff, G. and Johnson 1980 4–5, 61 |
What is a subentry in a lexical database? |
Definition | |
A subentry is a unit in the lexical database representing a lexeme that is made up of more than one morpheme , and is lexically related to one or more major entries . |
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While related to the major entry(s), the subentry contains its own phonological, semantic, grammatical, and anthropological information. The subentry usually has a meaning that is greater than the sum of its component morphemes. |
Kinds | |
The kinds of subentries in a lexical database are: | |
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Example: Batad Ifugao (Philippines) | ||
The subentry inadangyan is a derivative of the major entry adangyan, which is shown below. The form inadangyan appears as a cross reference in the major entry and also as its own entry. |
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Nonexamples | |
Subentries are not |
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What is a subject? |
Definition | |
A subject is a grammatical relation that exhibits certain independent syntactic properties, such as the following: |
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The identification of the subject relation may be further confirmed by finding significant overlap with similar subject relations previously established in other languages. This may be done by analyzing correspondence between translation equivalents . |
Generic | |
A subject is a kind of | |
Sources | |
Crystal 1985 293 |
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Mish 1991 1174 |
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Pike and Pike 1982 458–459 |
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Andrews, A. 1985 68–69, 103–117 |
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Comrie 1989 66 |
What is a subject complement? |
Definition | |
A subject complement is a complement that is used to predicate a description of the subject of a clause . |
Examples (English) | |
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Kinds | |
Here are some kinds of subject complements: | |
Generic | |
A subject complement is a kind of | |
Sources | |
Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, and Svartvik 1985 55, 737, 742 |
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Crystal 1985 :60 |
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Mish 1991 926 |
What is subjunctive mood? |
Definition | |
Subjunctive mood is a mood that typically signals irrealis meanings, such as |
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It most typically occurs in a subordinate clause , but may occur outside of one. |
Generic | |
Subjunctive mood is a kind of | |
Sources | |
Nida 1949 169 |
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Bybee 1985 186 |
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Crystal 1980 338 |
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Lyons 1977b 817, 848 |
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Mish 1991 1174 |
What is a subordinate clause? |
Definition | |
A subordinate clause is a clause that is embedded as a constituent of a matrix sentence and that functions like a noun , adjective , or adverb in the resultant complex sentence . |
Generic | |
A subordinate clause is a kind of | |
Kinds | |
Sources | |
Hartmann and Stork 1972 76, 224 |
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Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, and Svartvik 1985 44, 719, 991 |
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Mish 1991 1175 |
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Crystal 1980 106, 129 |
What is a subordinating conjunction? |
Definition | |
A subordinating conjunction is a conjunction that links constructions by making one of them a constituent of another. The subordinating conjunction typically marks the incorporated constituent. |
Example (English) | |
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Kinds | |
Here are some kinds of subordinating conjunctions: | |
Generic | |
A subordinating conjunction is a kind of | |
Sources | |
Crystal 1985 294 |
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Schachter 1985 46, 50 |
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Mish 1991 1175 |
What is a substance metaphor? |
Definition | |
A substance metaphor is an ontological metaphor in which an abstraction, such as an event, activity, emotion, or idea, is represented as material. |
Examples (English) | ||
Here are some examples of the activity-as-substance metaphor:
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Generic | |
A substance metaphor is a kind of | |
Source | |
Lakoff, G. and Johnson 1980 25, 31 |
What is a substantive? |
Definition | |
A substantive is a broad classification of words that includes nouns and nominals . |
Discussion | |
The term substantive is extended by some to include pronouns . |
Kinds | |
Here are some kinds of substantives: | |
Generic | |
A substantive is a kind of | |
Sources | |
Crystal 1985 295 |
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Mish 1991 1176 |
What is subtraction? |
Definition | |
Subtraction is a morphological process of modification that removes one or more segments from a root or stem . |
Example (French) | |
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Generic | |
A subtraction is a kind of | |
Source | |
Matthews 1991 142 |
What is success of fit? |
Definition | |
Success of fit is a correspondence between the state of affairs described by the propositional content of an illocutionary act and the state of affairs in the world. |
Examples | |
Here are some examples of success of fit: |
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Source | |
What is a suffix? |
Definition | |
A suffix is an affix that is attached to the end of a root or stem . |
Example (English) | |
The past tense suffix -ed attaches to the end of the stem walk to form the past tense verb walked. |
Generic | |
A suffix is a kind of | |
See also | |
Sources | |
Crystal 1980 340 |
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Mish 1991 1179 |
What is suffixation? |
Definition | |
Suffixation is a morphological process whereby a bound morpheme is attached to the end of a stem . |
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The kind of affix involved in this process is called a suffix . |
Example (English) | |
The past tense suffix -ed attaches to the end of the stem walk to form the past tense verb walked. |
Generic | |
A suffixation is a kind of | |
What is a summary relation? |
Definition | |
A summary relation is a contraction relation in which a proposition(s) repeats, in abbreviated form, the information of a group of propositions previously expressed. |
Generic | |
A summary relation is a kind of | |
Sources | |
What is a summons-answer sequence? |
Definition | |
A summons-answer sequence is a pre-sequence that consists of a that turn |
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Generic | |
A summons-answer sequence is a kind of | |
Source | |
Levinson 1983 309–310, 345–346 |
What is superessive case? |
Definition | |
Superessive case is a case that expresses location on the referent of the noun it marks. |
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It has the meaning of "on" or "upon." |
Discussion | |
The term superessive case is used especially in studies of Finno-Ugric grammar. |
Generic | |
Superessive case is a kind of | |
Sources | |
Gove 1966 2293 |
What is superior status? |
Definition | |
Superior status is social deixis that encodes high status. |
Examples (French, German) | |
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Generic | |
A superior is a kind of | |
Source | |
Brown, R. and Gilman 1960 256–257 |
What is supplemental information in a definition? |
Definition | |
Supplemental information is an optional part of the definition of a lexical unit , containing culturally or logically expected information. |
Examples (English) | ||||||||||||
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Kinds | |
Here are some kinds of supplemental information: | |
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What is suppletion? |
Definition | |
Suppletion is the replacement of one stem with another, resulting in an allomorph of a morpheme which has no phonological similarity to the other allomorphs. |
Example (English) | |||||||||||||||
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Kinds | |
Here are some kinds of suppletion: |
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Generic | |
Suppletion is a kind of | |
What is a suprafix? |
Definition | |
A suprafix is a kind of affix in which a suprasegmental is superimposed on one or more syllables of the root or stem, signalling a particular morphosyntactic operation . |
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This is a morphological process . |
Example (English) | |
The placement of stress in the following words signals the difference between a noun and a related verb: |
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Examples (Moba-Gur, Togo) | ||||||||
Suprafixes of tone occur on verb roots. The two suprafixes use different tones on different groups of verbs. In the following group of verbs, the high to low tone is the perfective morpheme. The mid to high tone is the imperfective morpheme. |
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Generic | |
A suprafix is a kind of | |
What is a suprasegmental? |
Definition | |
A suprasegmental is a vocal effect that extends over more than one sound segment in an utterance, such as pitch, stress, or juncture pattern. |
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In SIL contexts, suprasegmental is often used for |
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What is switch reference? |
Definition | |
Switch reference is a grammatical category with the following features: |
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Kinds | |
Here are some kinds of switch reference: | |
Generic | |
Switch reference is a kind of | |
Source | |
Haiman and Munro 1983 ix–xiii |
What is a switching pause? |
Definition | |
A switching pause is silence between turns . |
Kinds | |
Here are some kinds of switching pauses: | |
Generic | |
A switching pause is a kind of | |
Source | |
McLaughlin 1984 111–113 |
What is a syllabic consonant? |
Definition | |
A syllabic consonant is a phonetic element that normally patterns as a consonant, but may fill a vowel slot in a syllable. |
Examples | |
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What is syllabification? |
Definition | |
Syllabification is the process in which consonants function on the periphery of a syllable. |
What is a syllable? |
Definition | |
A syllable is a unit of sound composed of |
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Discussion | |
Syllable structure, which is the combination of allowable segments and typical sound sequences, is language specific. |
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Example (English) | |
Here is an example of the syllable structure of the English word limit: |
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Kinds | |||||||||||||||
Here are some kinds of syllables: |
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Diagram | |
Here is a diagram of a syllable: |
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See also | |
What is a syllepsis? |
Definition | |
A syllepsis is the use of a single word in such a way that it is syntactically related to two or more words elsewhere in the sentence , but has a different meaning in relation to each of the other words. |
Example (English) | ||
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Generic | |
A syllepsis is a kind of | |
Sources | |
Corbett 1971 483 |
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Mish 1991 1195 |
What is symbolic usage? |
Definition | |
Symbolic usage is the use of a deictic expression in such a way that its interpretation depends only on general knowledge of the extralinguistic situation, rather than on physical (visual, and so forth) monitoring of it. |
Examples (English) | ||
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See also | |
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What is a synecdoche? |
Definition | |
A synecdoche is a figure of speech in which the one of the following (or its reverse) is expressed: |
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Examples (English) | |
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Generic | |
A synecdoche is a kind of | |
Sources | |
Mish 1991 1197 |
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Neufeldt 1991 1358 |
What is a synonym lexical relation? |
Introduction | |
Discovering and understanding the use of words which have the lexical relation synonym is important for the accurate and effective choice of words in communication and translation. |
Definition | ||
A synonym lexical relation is a relationship between two or more lexical units which have identical core semantic components and which differ only with respect to their supplemental or peripheral components. |
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Kinds | ||||||||||||
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Underlying structure | |
The underlying structure of a synonym set is a simple set . |
Frame | |
Here is a frame for testing and eliciting a synonym lexical relation set: |
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What is a syntactic category? |
Definition | ||
A syntactic category is a set of words and/or phrases in a language which share a significant number of common characteristics. The classification is based on similar structure and sameness of distribution (the structural relationships between these elements and other items in a larger grammatical structure), and not on meaning. In generative grammar, a syntactic category is symbolized by a node label in a constituent structure tree. |
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Kinds | ||||||
There are major and minor syntactic categories: |
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Major categories
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Minor categories
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Contrast | |
Contrast syntactic category with the following: |
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Note: The terms grammatical category and grammatical class have also been used as synonyms for ‘part of speech’. |
Source | |
Bickford and Daly 1996 F4, page 2 |
What is a syntactic function? |
Definition | |
A syntactic function is the grammatical relationship of one constituent to another within a syntactic construction. |
Kinds | |
Here are some kinds of syntactic functions: | |
Source | |
Crystal 1985 129 |
What is a syntagmatic lexical relation? |
Definition | |
A syntagmatic lexical relation is a culturally determined pattern of association between pairs of lexical units (A1-B1, A2-B2, A3-B3…) where the |
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Examples (English) | |
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For more information on the lexical relations listed above, refer to Coward and Grimes 1995 . |
Structure | |
Syntagmatic lexical relations are structured in sets of pairs . |