Linguistic terminology terms | LETTER - T
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Definition
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A tag question is a
constituent
that is added after a
statement
in order to request confirmation or disconfirmation of the statement from the
addressee
. Often it expresses the bias of the
speaker
toward one answer.
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A tag question often includes a
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be
verb
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predicate
meaning ‘true’, and
-
negative.
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Examples (English, German, French)
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The English
isn’t he?,
as in the following sentence:
He’s a pleasant fellow,
isn’t he?
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The German
nicht wahr?
‘not true?’
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The French
n’est ce pas?
‘is it not?’
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Generic
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A tag question is a kind of
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Example (English)
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Here is an example of a tag statement:
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Generic
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A tag statement is a kind of
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Definition
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A target is the ultimate intended recipient of a
speaker
's message, especially when distinct from the
addressee
.
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Example (English)
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Generic
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A target is a kind of
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Definition
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A target domain is a semantic domain that is structured and understood metaphorically in terms of another domain.
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Examples (English)
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What is a temporal relation?
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Definition
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A temporal relation is an interpropositional relation that communicates the simultaneity or ordering in time of events or states.
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Examples (English)
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Subordinating conjunctions such as
when
or
while
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Meanwhile
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At that time
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Kinds
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Here are some kinds of temporal relations:
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Generic
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A temporal relation is a kind of
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Definition
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Tense is a grammatical category, typically marked on the
verb
, that
deictically
refers to the time of the event or state denoted by the verb in relation to some other temporal reference point.
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Kinds
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Here are some kinds of tenses:
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Generic
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Tense is a kind of
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Definition
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A text is a sequence of paragraphs that represents an extended unit of speech.
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Kinds
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Here are some different kinds of text genres:
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Definition
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A text genre is a type of written or spoken discourse.
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Discussion
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Texts
are classified into genres on the basis of the intent of the communicator.
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Examples
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Here is a table showing some text genres and the communicator's intent for each genre.
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What is a textually evoked entity?
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Definition
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A textually evoked entity is a referent that is
given information
because it has been previously included in the text.
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Example (English)
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Since the referent of
he
has been previously mentioned in the text, it is a textually evoked entity.
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Generic
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A textually evoked entity is a kind of
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Definition
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A theme is the initial
constituent
of a
sentence
, viewed in relation to a more highly communicative theme or focus elsewhere in the sentence.
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Examples (English)
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The man
is coming.
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Under no circumstances
will he come.
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What is a thesaurus category?
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Definition
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A
thesaurus category
is an
etic
semantic category.
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What is third person deixis?
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Kinds
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Here are some kinds of third person deixis:
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Generic
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Third person deixis is a kind of
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What is a third turn repair?
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Definition
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A third turn repair is a self-repair in a third conversational
turn
.
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It is preceded by an initial turn in which the repairable item occurs and another turn in which the
addressee
or
audience
prompts for repair or produces an inadequate response.
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Example (English)
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Kind
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Here is a kind of third turn repair:
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Generic
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A third turn repair is a kind of
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What is time as a semantic role?
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Definition
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Time is the
semantic role
of the temporal placement of an event.
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Example (English)
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Generic
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Time is a kind of
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Definition
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Time deixis is reference to time relative to a temporal reference point. Typically, this point is the moment of utterance.
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Examples (English)
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Temporal adverbs
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now
/
then
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yesterday
/
today
/
tomorrow
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Distinctions in tense
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Generic
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Time deixis is a kind of
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What is token-reflexive deixis?
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Definition
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Token-reflexive deixis is discourse deixis in which the
deictic expression
refers to the expression or
speech act
in which it occurs.
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Generic
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Token-reflexive deixis is a kind of
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Definition
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A tone is a pitch element or register added to a syllable to convey grammatical or lexical information.
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Kinds
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Here are some kinds of tone:
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Definition
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A topic is a
noun phrase
that expresses what a
sentence
is about, and to which the rest of the sentence is related as a
comment
.
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Examples (English, Japanese, Tagalog)
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Initial position in word order, as in the following:
That new Mazda,
I’d like to test-drive it.
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In Japanese or Tagalog, the marking of a noun phrase
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Definition
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Transcription is the process of representing oral
text
in a written format.
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What is a transitive verb?
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Generic
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A transitive verb is a kind of
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Definition
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Transitivity is the number of
objects
a
verb
requires or takes in a given instance.
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Discussion
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Transitivity is sometimes expressed as a
grammatical category
by means of verb morphology.
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Kinds
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Here are some kinds of transitivity:
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Generic
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Transitivity is a kind of
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What is translational equivalence?
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Definition
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Translational equivalence is the similarity between a word (or expression) in one language and its translation in another. This similarity results from overlapping
ranges of reference
.
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A
translation equivalent
is a corresponding word or expression in another language.
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Examples : Alamblak (Papua New Guinea), English
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Here is an example of translational equivalence between Alamblak (Papua New Guinea) and English:
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An English speaker might analyze the Alamblak word
y&u0268hop
with two meanings:
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y&u0268hop
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yesterday
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tomorrow
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The two English words are simple translational equivalents.
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However, there is another word in Alamblak that can be analyzed as follows:
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yuanane
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day before yesterday
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day after tomorrow
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These Alamblak words do not have two
senses
even though they each have two simple translational equivalents. A single, explanatory
analytic definition
followed by translational equivalents is the preferable analysis:
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y&u0268hop
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one day removed from the present; yesterday, tomorrow
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yuanane
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two days removed from the present; day before yesterday, day after tomorrow
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What is translative case?
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Definition
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Translative case is a case indicating that the
referent
of the
noun
, or the quality of the
adjective
, that it marks is the result of a process of change.
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Examples (Finnish)
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Generic
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Translative case is a kind of
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Definition
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A transverse is an expression of
place deixis
that indicates movement across the line of sight of the
speaker
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Generic
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A transverse is a kind of
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Definition
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A trial number is a number that refers to three members of the designated class.
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Generic
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A trial number is a kind of
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Definition
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A trope is the figurative use of an expression.
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Kinds
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Here are some kinds of tropes:
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Generic
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A trope is a kind of
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Definition
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A try-marker is a device that is used to indicate a test of the
addressee
's recognition of a
referent
. The device is followed by a
hesitation pause
in expectation of a sign from the addressee as to whether the referent is known to the addressee.
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Example (English)
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Generic
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A try-marker is a kind of
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Definition
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A turn is a time during which a single participant speaks, within a typical, orderly arrangement in which participants speak with minimal overlap and gap between them.
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Definition
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A turn location is the actual place of a
turn
in a series. It is represented by a number obtained by counting from the initial turn of the series.
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What is a twin-pan balance schema?
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Definition
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A twin-pan balance schema is a balance schema that involves physical or metaphorical countervailing forces acting on either side of a fulcrum.
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Examples (English)
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Physical
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Metaphorical
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Generic
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A twin-pan balance schema is a kind of
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