Linguistic terminology terms | LETTER - F
What is factitive as a semantic role?
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Generic
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Factitive is a kind of
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Definition
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Failure of fit is a lack of correspondence between the state of affairs
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Examples (English)
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The falsity of an
assertive act
's contents
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The status of a
commissive act
's contents as broken by the speaker
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The status of a
directive
act's contents as unfulfilled by the person from whom compliance is sought
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The case of a
declarative
act that is unsuccessfully performed
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Examples (French, German)
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Generic
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Familiarity is a kind of
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Definition
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Feminine gender is a grammatical gender that
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marks nouns that have human or animal female referents, and
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often marks nouns that have referents that do not carry distinctions of sex.
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Examples (Spanish)
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la mujer
‘the woman’
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la gallina
‘the hen’
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la mesa
‘the table’
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Generic
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Feminine gender is a kind of
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What is a field distinction?
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Definition
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A field distinction is a type of
place deixis
that expresses an opposition between locations in visual range and those not in visual range.
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Kinds
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Here are some kinds of field distinctions:
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What is a field notebook?
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Definition
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A field notebook is a permanent record of your language data.
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Features
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Sturdy and bound
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Readily available as part of the regular stock in a local bookstore
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What is a figurative sense?
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Definition
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A figurative sense is a meaning that is derived from a
primary sense
by analogy (for example, personification), association (for example,
metonymy
), or similarity (for example,
metaphor
and
simile
).
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Discussion
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A figurative sense shares one or more supplemental
semantic components
with the primary sense of a lexeme, but it often negates one or more of the obligatory semantic components. As a result, it is only related to the primary sense in an abstract or generalized way.
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A figurative sense will often bring to mind a picture of the primary sense. However, a literal interpretation of the figurative sense will be strange, nonsensical, or wrong. Figurative senses often have few
collocates
and limited contexts of usage.
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Examples (English)
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The word
jungle
has a primary sense meaning "land covered with dense growth of trees, tall vegetation, and vines, typically in tropical regions, and inhabited by predatory animals".
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By extension of meaning,
jungle
can refer to any place with a dense, tangled growth of trees and vegetation, as illustrated in the sentence, "I need to take care of the jungle in my backyard." This meaning is a
secondary sense
of
jungle.
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The meaning of
jungle
can further be extended in a figurative sense to include non-plants and refer to any tangled, disorganized set of objects, as in "You can find it if you dig through the jungle in my closet."
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It may be even further extended in a more abstract way to mean anything that confuses by its tangled or complex nature, as in "Life can be a jungle sometimes."
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Generic
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A final clause is a kind of
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Definition
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A finite clause is a clause with a
finite verb
.
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Generic
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A finite clause is a kind of
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Definition
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A finite verb is a verb form that
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occurs in an independent clause, and
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is fully
inflected
according to the inflectional categories marked on verbs in the language.
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Generic
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A finite verb is a kind of
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What is first person deixis?
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Definition
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First person deixis is deictic reference that refers to
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Kinds
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Here are some kinds of first person deixis:
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Generic
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First person deixis is a kind of
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Definition
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Fit is a correspondence, or lack of correspondence, between the state of affairs described by the
propositional
content of an
illocutionary act
and the state of affairs in the world.
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Examples (English)
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The truth or falsity of the contents of an
assertive act
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The status of a
commissive act
's contents as kept or broken by the speaker
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The status of a
directive act
's contents as fulfilled or unfulfilled by the person from whom compliance is sought
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The successful or unsuccessful performance of a
declarative act
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What is a fixed collocation?
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Definition
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A fixed collocation is a phrase or
construction
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which is decompositional, and
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whose
constituents
recurrently combine with each other.
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Features
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Constituents repeatedly co-occur with each other.
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Constituents are bound specifically to each other.
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Constituents do not co-occur with other
lexical units
freely. Only a few, if any, words may be substituted for the co-occurring lexical units.
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Correct usage is not predictable on the basis of the known function or meaning of the co-occurring lexical units.
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What is a fixed lexical collocation?
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Definition
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A fixed lexical collocation is a
collocation
of two or more co-occurring
lexemes
in an unchanging syntactic and semantic relationship.
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What is a flouting implicature?
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Definition
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A flouting implicature is a conversational implicature based on an
addressee
's assumption that the
speaker
is deliberately breaking (flouting) a
conversational maxim
while still being cooperative.
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Discussion
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The term
flouting implicature
is a coinage. The concept of an
implicature
derived from the flouting of a maxim is an important one in the literature of conversational implicature, but there is not a specific name for it. It would commonly be more appropriate to speak of
an implicature derived from the speaker’s flouting of a conversational maxim.
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Example (English)
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Generic
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A flouting implicature is a kind of
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Definition
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Focus is a term that refers to information, in a
sentence
, that
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is
new
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is of high communicative interest
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is marked by stress
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typically occurs late in the sentence, and
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complements the presupposed information typically presented early in the sentence.
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Examples (English)
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Here are some examples of focused elements:
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You books are on the
shelf.
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It was
math
that gave him trouble.
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What is force as a semantic role?
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Definition
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Force is the semantic role of an entity that instigates an action, but not consciously or voluntarily.
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Discussion
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Force is distinct from agent because an
agent
is volitional, while a force is not.
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Definition
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A force schema is an image schema that involves physical or metaphorical causal interaction. It includes the following elements:
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A source and target of the force
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A direction and intensity of the force
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A path of motion of the source and/or target
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A sequence of causation
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Examples (English)
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Physical
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Metaphorical
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Love-as-a-physical-force
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Justice-as-balance
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Kinds
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Here are some kinds of force schemata:
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Generic
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A force schema is a kind of
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Definition
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Formal language is language use characterized by
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speech before a passive audience
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the assumption of a role by the speaker
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the use of artificial means of communication such as writing or electronics, and
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the use of a “high” dialect or language in preference to a “low” one.
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Examples (English)
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Here are some examples of domains where formal language takes place:
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A sermon
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A political speech
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A lecture
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A letter
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Poetry
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Generic
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Formal is a kind of
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Definition
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Formality is a kind of
social deixis
that expresses the setting or social activity in which language use takes place.
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Kinds
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Here are some kinds of formality:
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What is a fortis consonant?
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Definition
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A fortis consonant is a “strong” consonant produced by increased tension in the vocal apparatus. These strong consonants tend to be long, voiceless, aspirated, and high.
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What is a fossilized term?
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Definition
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A fossilized term is a word or root that occurs only as an archaic expression.
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Discussion
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A fossilized term is often an
idiom
or part of an idiom.
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Examples (English)
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fro
in
to and fro
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cob-
in
cobweb,
from archaic
cop,
meaning ‘spider’
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Generic
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A fossil is a kind of
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Definition
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A free morpheme is a grammatical unit that can occur by itself. However, other
morphemes
such as
affixes
can be attached to it.
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Also known as:
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unbound morpheme
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Example (English)
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The morpheme
dog
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Generic
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A free morpheme is a kind of
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What is a free translation?
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Definition
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A free translation is a translation that reproduces the general meaning of the original text.
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It may or may not closely follow the form or organization of the original.
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Definition
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Free variation is the interchangeable relationship between two
phones
, in which the phones may substitute for one another in the same
environment
without causing a change in meaning.
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Examples (English)
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Definition
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A function word is a word which have no lexical meaning, and whose sole function is to express grammatical relationships.
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Also known as:
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grammatical word, empty word,
functor
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What is a fusional language?
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Definition
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A fusional language is a language in which one form of a
morpheme
can simultaneously encode several meanings.
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Description
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Fusional languages may have a large number of morphemes in each word, but morpheme boundaries are difficult to identify because the morphemes are fused together.
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Most European languages are somewhat fusional.
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Example (Spanish)
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In Spanish the
-ó
in
habló
'to speak' simultaneously codes indicative mode, third person, singular, past tense, and perfective aspect. If any one of these meaning components changes, the form of the verbal suffix must change.
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Contrast
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The opposite of a highly fusional language is a highly
agglutinative
language.
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What is future perfect tense?
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Definition
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Future perfect tense is an absolute-relative tense that refers to a time located before a contextually determined temporal reference point that must be located in the future relative to the moment of
utterance
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Example (English)
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Generic
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Future perfect tense is a kind of
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Definition
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Future tense is an absolute tense that refers to a time after the moment of
utterance.
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Kinds
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Here are some kinds of future tenses:
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Generic
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Future tense is a kind of
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What is future-in-future tense?
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Definition
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Future-in-future tense is an absolute-relative tense that refers to a time located in the future, relative to a temporal reference point that itself is located in the future relative to the moment of
utterance
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Example (Latin)
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Generic
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Future-in-future tense is a kind of
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What is future-in-past tense?
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Definition
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Future-in-past tense is an absolute-relative tense that refers to a time located in the future, relative to a contextually determined temporal reference point that itself must be located in the past relative to the moment of
utterance
.
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Example (English)
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Generic
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Future-in-past tense is a kind of
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What is future-perfect-in-past tense?
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Definition
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Future-perfect-in-past tense is an absolute-relative tense that involves three points in time in the past. The tense refers to a time that is in the future, relative to another point in the past, but is in the past relative to a point in its future. All these points in time are in the past relative to the moment of
utterance
.
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Example (English)
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The burning of the field is in the future relative to John’s leaving, but is in the past relative to his returning. All these events are in the past relative to the moment of utterance.
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Generic
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Future-perfect-in-past tense is a kind of
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