Linguistic terminology terms | LETTER - E
What is an echo question?
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Definition
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An echo question is a
question
that
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occurs in the
turn
after a repairable
utterance
, and
-
repeats the portion felt by the
speaker
to need repair.
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Example (English)
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Generic
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An echo question is a kind of
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What is an elaboration relation?
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Definition
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An elaboration relation is an interpropositional relation in which a
proposition(s)
provides detail relating to some aspect of another proposition.
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Examples (English)
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Naming a member of a set
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Providing an instance of an abstraction
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Naming a part of a whole
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Describing a step in a process
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Giving an attribute of an object
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Providing a specific in relation to a generalization
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Kinds
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Here are some kinds of elaboration relations:
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Generic
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An elaboration relation is a kind of
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Definition
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Elative case is a case expressing motion out of or away from the referent of the
noun
it marks.
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Discussion
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The term
elative case
is used especially in studies of Finno-Ugric grammar.
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Generic
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Elative case is a kind of
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What is an elementary illocutionary act?
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Definition
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An elementary illocutionary act is an illocutionary act that
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does not have a negated
illocutionary force
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is not performed conditionally, and
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is not conjoined to another illocutionary act.
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Generic
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An elementary illocutionary act is a kind of
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Definition
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Elicitation is the act of obtaining language data from another person.
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What is an elicitation frame?
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Introduction
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A
language associate
needs to understand
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what you want to elicit, and
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how you want to elicit it.
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Frames help you constrain and control what you elicit. They are especially used in exploring the following aspects of a language:
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Definition
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An elicitation frame is a fixed environment that is used for discovering or testing particular words.
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Kinds
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Here are some kinds of frames:
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Definition
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Elision is the omission of sounds, syllables, or words in spoken or written
discourse
.
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Discussion
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Unstressed syllables and words are the most prone to be elided.
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Examples
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/kamra/ 'camera'
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cuppa tea
'cup of tea'
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cats 'n dogs
'cats and dogs'
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What is an elliptical construction?
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Definition
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An elliptical construction is a construction that lacks an element that is recoverable or inferable from the context.
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Example (English)
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Generic
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An elliptical construction is a kind of
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What is an embedded repair?
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Definition
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An embedded repair is an other-initiated repair that is performed by the
addressee
of the questioned
utterance
by the substitution of the repairing item in the addressee’s own utterance.
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Discussion
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An embedded repair may be a preferred form of repair because it avoids questioning the competence of the
speaker
.
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Example (English)
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Generic
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An embedded repair is a kind of
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What is empathetic deixis?
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Definition
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Empathetic deixis is the metaphorical use of deictic forms to indicate emotional or other psychological “distance” or “proximity” between a
speaker
and a
referent
.
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Examples (English)
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The use of
this
to indicate the speaker’s empathy
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The use of
that
to indicate the speaker’s emotional distance
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Generic
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Empathetic deixis is a kind of
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What is an emphasis marker?
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Definition
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An emphasis marker is a word or affix that expresses a
speaker
's stress upon the
predicate
of a sentence.
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Example (Vietnamese)
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Generic
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An emphasis marker is a kind of
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What is an emphatic additive relation?
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Definition
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An emphatic additive relation is an additive relation in which the cumulative nature of the
propositions
in the relation is emphasized.
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Examples (English)
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further
-
furthermore
-
also
-
moreover
-
what is more
-
besides
-
additionally
-
in addition
-
not only that but
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Generic
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An emphatic additive relation is a kind of
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What is an emphatic alternative relation?
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Definition
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An emphatic alternative relation is an alternative relation in which the existence of different possibilities is stressed.
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Example (English)
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Generic
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An emphatic alternative relation is a kind of
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What is an emphatic pronoun?
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Definition
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An emphatic pronoun is a personal pronoun that is used to emphasize its
referent
.
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Example (French)
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Generic
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An emphatic pronoun is a kind of
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What is an enablement relation?
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Definition
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An enablement relation is an interpropositional relation in which a
proposition(s)
supports a
speaker
's directive by improving the
addressee’s
ability to fulfill it or take advantage of it.
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Examples (English)
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Providing an address for an invitation
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Giving a deadline for making an application
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Generic
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An enablement relation is a kind of
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What is an enablement schema?
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Definition
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An enablement schema is a force schema that involves having
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the physical or metaphorical power to perform some act, or
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a potential force and the absence of blockage or counterforce.
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Generic
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An enablement schema is a kind of
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Definition
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An enclitic is a clitic that is phonologically joined at the end of a preceding word to form a single unit.
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Examples (English)
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What is an endocentric construction?
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Definition
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An endocentric construction is a construction that contains
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a
head
, which is the single obligatory element in the construction (except in coordinate constructions, which have multiple heads), and
-
one or more optional elements subordinate to the head.
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The optional elements can, in the proper context, be omitted without loss of grammaticality. The head is a syntactically adequate substitution for the whole construction.
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Generic
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An endocentric construction is a kind of
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What is an end-of-path schema?
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Definition
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An end-of-path schema is an image schema in which a location is understood as the termination of a prescribed path.
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Example (English)
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Generic
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An end-of-path schema is a kind of
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Definition
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Endophora is
coreference
of an expression with another expression either before it or after it. One expression provides the information necessary to interpret the other.
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Discussion
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The endophoric relationship is often spoken of as one expression “referring to” another.
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Examples (English)
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A well-dressed man
was speaking;
he
had a foreign accent.
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If you need
one,
there’s
a towel
in the top drawer.
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Kinds
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Here are some kinds of endophora:
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Generic
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Endophora is a kind of
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Definition
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An entity metaphor is an ontological metaphor in which an abstraction is represented as a concrete physical object.
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Examples (English)
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Kind
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Here is a kind of entity metaphor:
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Generic
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An entity metaphor is a kind of
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Definition
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An environment is all the parts of an
utterance
that directly surround a given sound.
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Discussion
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The environment of a sound may be adjacent sounds, or a break in sound, such as at the beginning or end of a
syllable
, word or phrase.
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Example (English)
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Here is an example of the environment of the sound [Q] in the English word
tap.
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Example (Spanish)
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Here is an example of the environment of the sound [o] in the Spanish word
gato.
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(The symbol “#” represents the end of a word.)
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What is epistemic modality?
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Definition
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Epistemic modality is a modality that connotes how much certainty or evidence a speaker has for the
proposition
expressed by his or her
utterance
.
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Example (English)
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Kinds
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Here are some kinds of epistemic modality:
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Generic
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Epistemic modality is a kind of
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What is an epistemic qualification?
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Definition
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An epistemic qualification is a signal of the degree of certainty the speaker has for the
proposition
expressed by his or her
utterance
.
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Examples (English)
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Here are some examples of epistemic qualifications:
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Kinds
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Here are some kinds of epistemic qualification:
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Definition
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Equative case is a case that expresses likeness or identity to the
referent
of the
noun
it marks.
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It can have meaning, such as
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as
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like,
and
-
in the capacity of.
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Generic
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Equative case is a kind of
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What is an equative clause?
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Examples (English)
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He is a doctor.
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She is the queen.
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What is an equilibrium schema?
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Definition
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An equilibrium schema is a balance schema that involves physical or metaphorical external and internal pressure on container-like objects.
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Generic
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An equilibrium schema is a kind of
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Definition
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An equivalent is a term of
social deixis
that expresses equality of status.
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Generic
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An equivalent is a kind of
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Discussion
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Ergative case is more likely to be formally marked on the noun than
absolutive case
is.
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Generic
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Ergative case is a kind of
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Definition
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Essive case is a case that expresses the temporary state of the
referent
specified by a
noun
.
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The case has the meaning of
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while,
and
-
in the capacity of.
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Discussion
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The term
essive case
is used especially in Finnish and Hungarian grammatical studies.
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Generic
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Essive case is a kind of
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Definition
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Etymology is the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.
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Definition
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A euphemism is a
metaphorical
or
metonymic
use of an expression in place of another expression that is disagreeable or offensive.
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Example (English)
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Generic
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A euphemism is a kind of
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Definition
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Evaluation information is a movable non-event within a discourse that consists of a speaker's feeling toward an event or a state of affairs. It may have broad scope (such as toward a series of events) or narrow scope (such as toward a participant).
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Examples
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Here comes that
blackguard
Jones. (
blackguard
has the narrow scope of evaluating a participant.)
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So it is with the one who stores up riches for himself, but is not rich toward God (from the parable of the rich landowner--Luke 12:21).
(The entire sentence has the broad scope of evaluating the actions of the rich landowner throughout the preceeding parable.)
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What is an evaluation relation?
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Definition
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An evaluation relation is an interpropositional relation in which a
proposition(s)
expresses the speaker’s value judgment regarding the factuality or desirability of another proposition(s).
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Example (English)
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Generic
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An evaluation relation is a kind of
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Definition
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An event is a kind of information in discourse that
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actually occurs,
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is overt , and
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occurs at the
now
point on the time line.
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Discussion
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A discourse hypothesis is that events and non-events are differentiated.
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Nonexamples
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Negatives (Nothing is described as having occurred.)
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Questions (Nothing is described as having occurred.)
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Modal expressions
(No claim is made in a modal expression that anything occurred.)
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Expressions containing verbs in projected time (Nothing is described as having yet occurred.)
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Expressions containg verbs (They are not overt.
see, hear, feel,
but expressions containing
look, listen, touch
can be events)
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Flashbacks and previews
(They don't occur at the
now
point of the narrative.)
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What is an evidence relation?
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Definition
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An evidence relation is a logical relation in which a
proposition(s)
are intended to increase the
addressee
's assurance of another proposition(s).
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Example (English)
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Generic
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An evidence relation is a kind of
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Definition
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Evidentiality is an epistemic modality that connotes the
speaker
's assessment of the evidence for his or her statement.
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An
evidential
is a form, such as a verbal
affix,
that is a grammatical expression of evidentiality.
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Kinds
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Here are some kinds of evidentiality:
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Generic
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Evidentiality is a kind of
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What is an evoked entity?
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Definition
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An evoked entity is a
referent
which is
given information
due
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to previous mention in the text, or
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to the prominence of the referent in the extralinguistic context.
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Kinds
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Here are some kinds of evoked entities:
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Generic
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An evoked entity is a kind of
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Definition
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Here are two senses for
exclamation:
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An exclamation, broadly defined, is any
utterance
made with strong emotion.
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An exclamation, narrowly defined, is a
sentence
type that is used to express a strong emotional state. It contrasts in syntax or morphology with other sentence types which typically express statements, commands, and questions.
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Example (English)
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Generic
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An exclamation is a kind of
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Definition
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An exclamative is a word or phrase which marks an
exclamation
.
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Example (English)
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Generic
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An exclamative is a kind of
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What is an exclusive alternative relation?
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Definition
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An exclusive alternative relation is an alternative relation in which only one of the
propositions
or groups of propositions can be true or fulfilled.
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Example (English)
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Generic
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An exclusive alternative relation is a kind of
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What is exclusive first person deixis?
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Definition
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Exclusive first person deixis is deixis that refers to a group not including the
addressee(s)
.
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Generic
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Exclusive first person deixis is a kind of
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What is an exemplification relation?
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Definition
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An exemplification relation is a specification relation in which a specification is achieved by providing an instance.
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Example (English)
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Generic
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An exemplification relation is a kind of
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What is an existential clause?
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Definition
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An existential clause is a clause, having a distinctive grammatical structure, which expresses the real or imagined existence of an entity.
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Discussion
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An existential clause often introduces an entity into a
discourse
.
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Example (English)
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Generic
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An existential clause is a kind of
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What is an existential marker?
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Definition
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An existential marker is a word, found in a distinct
clause
type, which marks a
referent
's existence.
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Example (Spanish)
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Generic
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An existential marker is a kind of
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What is an exocentric construction?
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Definition
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An exocentric construction is a construction that does not contain any
head
element that is capable of being a syntactically adequate substitution for the whole construction.
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Generic
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An exocentric construction is a kind of
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Definition
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Exophora is reference of an expression directly to an extralinguistic
referent
.
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The referent does not require another expression for its interpretation.
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Kinds
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Here are some kinds of exophora:
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Generic
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Exophora is a kind of
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What is experiencer as a semantic role?
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Definition
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Experiencer is the
semantic role
of an entity (or
referent
) which
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receives
-
accepts
-
experiences, or
-
undergoes the effect of an action.
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Discussion
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Normally an experiencer is an entity that receives a sensory impression, or in some other way is the locus of some event or activity that involves neither volition nor a change of state.
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Examples (English)
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He
was scared.
-
Lucretia
saw the bicycle.
-
It was
Bill
who smelled the bacon first.
-
The explosion was heard by
everyone.
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Generic
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Experiencer is a kind of
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What is experiential perfect aspect?
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Definition
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Experiential perfect
aspect
is a grammaticalization of the current relevance, at the moment of
utterance
, of an event or state that occurred prior to the moment of utterance. The event or state is expressed as an experience which happened at least once, without respect to a particular location in time, and which is repeatable.
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Examples (English)
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This example contrasts with the following sentence, which is an example of
perfect of result aspect:
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Generic
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Experiential perfect aspect is a kind of
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Definition
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Exposed repair is an other-initiated repair that is not handled covertly as an
embedded repair
.
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Generic
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An exposed repair is a kind of
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What is expository discourse?
|
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Definition
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Expository discourse is a discourse that explains or describes a topic.
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It does not primarily present contingent events or focus on a performer of actions, but rather tends to present the following kinds of
propositions
:
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Features
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Information is logically oriented around a theme.
-
Third person
pronoun forms are used.
-
Texts are not oriented around a specific
agent
.
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Parts
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Problem
-
Solution
-
Supporting argumentation
-
Evaluation of the solution
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Examples
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Explanations of cultural norms
-
Explanations of legal matters
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Explanations of the teachings of the forefathers
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Generic
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An expository discourse is a kind of
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Definition
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Expository
text
is a text which explains something.
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What is an expressive illocutionary point?
|
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Definition
|
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An expressive illocutionary point is an illocutionary point which communicates an attitude or emotion about the state of affairs described in the
propositional
content of the
utterance
.
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Discussion
|
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According to certain analyses, an expressive illocutionary point is one of the five basic purposes that a speaker can have in making an utterance.
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Example (English)
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Generic
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An expressive illocutionary point is a kind of
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Definition
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Extendedness is a type of
place deixis
in which the presence or absence of a component of meaning indicates that a location has length or area.
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Kinds
|
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Here are some kinds of extendedness:
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Definition
|
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Extension is
place deixis
that indicates that a location has length or area.
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Generic
|
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Extension is a kind of
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What is an external relation?
|
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Definition
|
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An external relation is an interpropositional relation which relates the situations described in the
propositions
by experiential, extralinguistic reality as opposed to relating them by the solely communicative usage of propositions.
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Examples (English)
|
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This example contrasts with the following sentence, which is an example of an internal relation sequence:
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This example can be understood as
If you’re free tonight, then I offer that there’s a party at Bill's house.
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Generic
|
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An external relation is a kind of
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What is an external relative clause?
|
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Definition
|
|
An external relative clause is a relative clause whose
head
noun phrase
is outside the relative clause.
|
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Also known as:
|
External-headed relative clause
|
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Discussion
|
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This type of relative clause is a modifier of a separately stated head noun. It does not take the place of the head noun, as does an internal relative clause.
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Example (English)
|
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Generic
|
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An external relative clause is a kind of
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Definition
|
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Extrapostion is the process or result of moving an element from its normal place to a place at the end or near to the end of a sentence.
|
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Example
|
|
The plumber arrived
who we had called earlier
.
(who we had called earlier
has been extraposed from its normal position after
plumber.)
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